扭矩法
Torque method
扭矩法就是利用扭矩與預緊力的線性關系在彈性區進行緊固控制的一種方法。該方法在擰緊時,只對一個確定的緊固扭矩進行控制,因此,因為該方法操作簡便,是一種一般常規的擰緊方法。但是,由于緊固扭矩的90%左右作用于螺紋摩擦和支承面摩擦的消耗,真正作用在軸向預緊力方面僅10%左右,初始預緊力的離散度是隨著擰緊過程中摩擦等因素的控制程度而變化的,因而該擰緊方法的離散度較大,適合一零件的緊固,不適合重要的、關鍵的零件的連接。
The torque method is a method of tightening control in the elastic zone using the linear relationship between torque and pre tightening force. This method only controls a certain tightening torque during tightening, therefore, it is a general conventional tightening method due to its simple operation. However, due to the fact that about 90% of the tightening torque acts on the consumption of thread friction and bearing surface friction, the actual effect is only about 10% in terms of axial pre tightening force. The dispersion of the initial pre tightening force changes with the degree of control of friction and other factors during the tightening process. Therefore, the dispersion of this tightening method is relatively large, suitable for fastening a part, but not for connecting important and critical parts.
轉角法
Corner method
轉角法就是在擰緊時將螺栓于螺母相對轉動一個角度,稱之為緊固轉角,把一個確定的緊固轉角作為指標來對初始預緊力進行控制的一種方法。該擰緊方法可在彈性區和塑性區使用。根據緊固轉角和預緊力的關系可知,Q-F曲線斜率急劇變化時,隨著緊固轉角的設定誤差,預緊力的離散度也會變大。因此,在被連接件和螺栓的剛性較高的場合,對彈性區的緊固是不利的;對塑性區的緊固時,初始預緊力的離散度主要取決于螺栓的屈服點,而轉角誤差對其影響不大,故該緊固方法具有可限度地利用螺栓強度的優點(即可獲得較高的預緊力)。
The angle method is a method of controlling the initial pre tightening force by rotating the bolt and nut at an angle relative to each other during tightening, which is called the tightening angle. A determined tightening angle is used as an indicator. This tightening method can be used in both the elastic and plastic zones. According to the relationship between tightening angle and pre tightening force, when the slope of the Q-F curve changes sharply, the dispersion of pre tightening force will also increase with the setting error of tightening angle. Therefore, in situations where the rigidity of the connected parts and bolts is high, it is unfavorable for the fastening of the elastic zone; When tightening the plastic zone, the dispersion of the initial pre tightening force mainly depends on the yield point of the bolt, and the influence of angle error is not significant. Therefore, this tightening method has the advantage of maximizing the strength of the bolt (i.e. obtaining a higher pre tightening force).
應該注意的是該擰緊方法在塑性區擰緊時會使螺栓的桿部以及螺紋桿部發生塑性變形,因此,對螺栓塑性差的以及螺栓反復使用的場合應考慮其適用性。另外,對預緊力過大,會造成被連接件受損的情況時,則必須對螺栓的屈服點及抗拉強度的上限值進行規定。
It should be noted that this tightening method will cause plastic deformation of the bolt rod and threaded rod when tightening in the plastic zone. Therefore, its applicability should be considered for situations where the bolt plasticity is poor and the bolt is repeatedly used. In addition, when the pre tightening force is too large and can cause damage to the connected parts, it is necessary to specify the upper limit values of the yield point and tensile strength of the bolts.
扭矩斜率法
Torque slope method
扭矩斜率法是以Q-F曲線中的扭矩斜率值的變化作為指標對初始預緊力進行控制的一種方法。該擰緊方法通常把螺栓的屈服緊固軸力作為控制初始預緊力的目標值。該擰緊方法一般在螺栓初始預緊力離散度要求較小并且可限度地利用螺栓強度的情況下使用。但是由于該擰緊方法對初始預緊力的控制與塑性區的轉角法基本相同,所以,需要對螺栓的屈服點進行嚴格的控制。該擰緊方法與塑性區的轉角法相比,螺栓的塑性即反復使用等方面出現的問題較少,有一定的優勢,但是,緊固工具比較復雜,也比較昂貴。
The torque slope method is a method of controlling the initial preload using the change in torque slope value in the Q-F curve as an indicator. This tightening method usually takes the yield tightening axial force of the bolt as the target value for controlling the initial pre tightening force. This tightening method is generally used when the initial pre tightening force dispersion of the bolt is required to be small and the bolt strength can be maximized. However, due to the fact that the control of the initial pre tightening force by this tightening method is basically the same as the angle method in the plastic zone, it is necessary to strictly control the yield point of the bolt. Compared with the angle method in the plastic zone, this tightening method has fewer problems with the plasticity of bolts, such as repeated use, and has certain advantages. However, tightening tools are more complex and expensive.
